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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">neurojour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Неврологический журнал имени Л.О. Бадаляна</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2686-8997</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-794X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46563/2686-8997-2024-5-2-90-98</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">xkrxty</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">neurojour-138</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Полноэкзомное секвенирование — молекулярно-генетическое тестирование первой линии при энцефалопатиях развития и эпилептических</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Whole-exome sequencing is the molecular-genetic test of the first-line in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-5213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожанова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhanova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>К.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, врач-лабораторный генетик ГБУЗ «НПЦ спец.мед.помощи детям ДЗМ», 119620, Москва, Россия; доцент кафедры неврологии, нейрохирургии и медицинской генетики имени Л.О. Бадаляна ПФ ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ имени Н.И. Пирогова» МЗ РФ</p><p>e-mail: vkozhanov@bk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Leading Researcher, Laboratory Geneticist, St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children, Moscow, 119620, Russian Federation; Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: vkozhanov@bk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vkozhanov@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-0748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жилина</surname><given-names>Светлана Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhilina</surname><given-names>Svetlana S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>К.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, врач-генетик ГБУЗ «НПЦ спец.мед.помощи детям ДЗМ», 119620, Москва, Россия; доцент кафедры неврологии, нейрохирургии и медицинской генетики имени Л.О. Бадаляна ПФ ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ имени  Н.И. Пирогова» МЗ РФ</p><p>e-mail: szhylina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Leading Researcher, Geneticist, St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children, Moscow, 119620, Russian Federation; Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: szhylina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">szhylina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-0758</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мещерякова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Ивановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Meshcheryakova</surname><given-names>Tatyana I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>К.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, врач-генетик ГБУЗ «НПЦ спец.мед.помощи детям ДЗМ», 119620, Москва, Россия; доцент кафедры общей и медицинской генетики МБФ ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ имени Н.И. Пирогова» МЗ РФ</p><p>e-mail: ivanovna-76@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Leading Researcher, Geneticist, St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children, Moscow, 119620, Russian Federation; Associate Professor, Department of General and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ivanovna-76@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivanovna-76@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-483X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамов</surname><given-names>Александр Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramov</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник, врач — лабораторный генетик ГБУЗ «НПЦ спец.мед.помощи детям ДЗМ», 119620, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: arhelios@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory Geneticist, St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children, Moscow, 119620, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: arhelios@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arhelios@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-8836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айвазян</surname><given-names>Сергей Оганесович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayvasyan</surname><given-names>Sergey O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ведущий научный сотрудник ГБУЗ «НПЦ спец.мед.помощи детям ДЗМ», 119620, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: soayvaz@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Leading Researcher, Geneticist, St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children, Moscow, 119620, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: soayvaz@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">soayvaz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-7422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заваденко</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavadenko</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой неврологии, нейрохирургии и медицинской генетики им. академика Л.О. Бадаляна ПФ ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» МЗ РФ, 117997, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: zavadenko@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., Professor, Chief of Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: zavadenko@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zavadenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Научно-практический центр специализированной медицинской помощи детям имени В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Научно-практический центр специализированной медицинской помощи детям имени В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">St. Luka’s Clinical Research Center for Children<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кожанова Т.В., Жилина С.С., Мещерякова Т.И., Абрамов А.А., Айвазян С.О., Заваденко Н.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кожанова Т.В., Жилина С.С., Мещерякова Т.И., Абрамов А.А., Айвазян С.О., Заваденко Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozhanova T.V., Zhilina S.S., Meshcheryakova T.I., Abramov A.A., Ayvasyan S.O., Zavadenko N.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.neuro-journal.ru/jour/article/view/138">https://www.neuro-journal.ru/jour/article/view/138</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Энцефалопатия развития и эпилептическая — тяжёлые нарушения развития нервной системы, характеризующиеся рецидивирующими эпилептическими приступами, начавшимися в период новорождённости или в детстве, сопровождающиеся задержкой психомоторного и интеллектуального развития. Массовое параллельное секвенирование — это технология, используемая для определения полной нуклеотидной последовательности ДНК или РНК. Технология характеризуется высокой производительностью и скоростью, положила начало золотому веку генетики, позволяет быстро и качественно секвенировать большие объёмы ДНК с меньшими затратами.</p><p>Целью настоящего исследования является оценка эффективности применения полноэкзомного секвенирования (whole exome sequencing — WES) в качестве генетического теста первой линии у пациентов с энцефалопатией развития и эпилептической, и определения структуры выявленных вариантов в российской популяции.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Пациентам с фармакорезистентными судорогами, с дебютом в неонатальном и раннем детском возрасте, госпитализированным в психоневрологическое отделение в 2017–2023 гг., проведены клинико-генеалогический анализ, видеоэлектроэнцефалограмма, магнитно-резонансная томография головного мозга, WES.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Основным результатом, полученным в ходе исследования анализа пациентов, которым был выполнен WES за 2017–2023 гг., является показатель выявляемости вариантов в генах, ассоциированных с энцефалопатией развития и эпилептической (21,7%; 71/331). Их них у 35/71 (49,3%) были выявлены патогенные и вероятно патогенные варианты нуклеотидной последовательности. На основании полученных результатов WES пациентам проведён подбор наиболее эффективных таргетных антиэпилептических препаратов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Показана высокая эффективность использования WES в качестве молекулярно-генетического теста первой линии у пациентов с энцефалопатией развития и эпилептической. Постановка точного генетического диагноза является фундаментальной предпосылкой прецизионной терапии. Персонифицированная медицина, т. е. попытка персонализировать профилактику, диагностику и лечение, насколько это возможно, в соответствии с характеристиками и потребностями пациента, должна быть основной целью клинических исследований и новым направлением современной медицины.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Ведение пациентов осуществлялось согласно принципам Хельсинкской декларации Всемирной медицинской ассоциации (2013 г.). От родителей пациентов получено информированное согласие на проведение генетического исследования (WES).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Кожанова Т.В. — концепция, написание текста;Жилина С.С. — концепция, редактирование текста;Мещерякова Т.И. — редактирование текста;Абрамов А.А. — редактирование текста;Айвазян С.О. — редактирование текста;Заваденко Н.Н. — редактирование текста.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила 21</title><p>Поступила 21.03.2024Принята к печати 14.06.2024Опубликована 31.07.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy are severe developmental disorders of the nervous system, characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures that begin over the neonatal period or childhood, accompanied by psychomotor retardation and intellectual disability. Massively parallel sequencing is a technology used to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA. The technology is characterized by the high productivity and speed, marking the beginning of the golden age of genetics, allowing large volumes of DNA to be sequenced quickly and efficiently at lower costs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of whole-exome sequencing as a first-line genetic test in patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and detect the structure of identified variants in the Russian population.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Patients with drug-resistant seizures, onset in neonatal and early childhood, hospitalized in the Psychoneurological Department during 2017–2023. All patients underwent clinical and genealogical analysis, video-EEG and MRI of the brain, and whole-exome sequencing.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The main result obtained in the study analysis of patients who underwent whole exome sequencing for the period of 2017-2023 was the detection rate of variants in genes associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (21.7%; 71/331). Of these, 35/71 (49.3%) had pathogenic and probably pathogenic variants of the nucleotide sequence. Based on the results of whole exome sequencing patients were selected for the most effective targeted antiepileptic drugs.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The use of whole-exome sequencing as a first-line molecular genetic test in patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy has been shown to be highly effective. Making an accurate genetic diagnosis is a fundamental background for precision therapy. Personalized medicine, that is, the attempt to personalize prevention, diagnosis, and treatment as much as possible according to the characteristics and needs of the patient, should be the main goal of clinical research and a new direction of modern medicine.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. Patient management was carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (2013). Informed consent was obtained from the parents of patients to conduct a genetic study (whole exome sequencing).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Kozhanova T.V. — concept, writing text;Zhilina S.S. — concept, editing;Meshcheryakova T.I. — editing;Abramov A.A. — editing;Ayvasyan S.O. — editing; Zavadenko N.N. — editing;All co-authors — are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 23, 2024Accepted: June 14, 2024Published July 31, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>энцефалопатия развития и эпилептическая</kwd><kwd>судороги</kwd><kwd>задержка развития</kwd><kwd>полноэкзомное секвенирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>developmental and epileptic encephalopathy</kwd><kwd>seizures</kwd><kwd>developmental delay</kwd><kwd>whole exome sequencing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wirrell E., Tinuper P., Perucca E., Moshé S.L. Introduction to the epilepsy syndrome papers. Epilepsia. 2022; 63(6): 1330–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17262</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wirrell E., Tinuper P., Perucca E., Moshé S.L. Introduction to the epilepsy syndrome papers. 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